Bio
316
Microbiology Learning Objectives 2008
Those chapters marked with a check (Ö) have been updated. Slight changes may occur so please be sure to
obtain a copy of the finalized objectives distributed and posted one week
before each exam date
Exam #1 on February 11
Chapter 1 Ö Be able to:
1. List the types of organisms and
non-organisms studied in microbiology.
2. List five categories of positive
impact which microbes have on human existence.
3. Describe the events, starting with Redi through Pasteur, that led to
discarding spontaneous generation and its replacement with the cell theory.
4. Give the specific contributions to
microbiology by the people listed below:
Leeuwenhoek, Redi, Spallanzani, Hooke,
Virchow, Semmelweiss, Lister, Pasteur,
Koch, Metchnikoff, Ehrlich, Jenner, Fleming, Flora and Chain.
5. Explain Koch’s postulates.
Terminology: spontaneous generation, simple
microscope, controlled experiment,
chemotherapy, attenuation, biogenesis
Chapter 4 Ö Be able to:
1.
List
the characteristics of eukaryotic cells.
2.
Describe
the ultrastructure of flagella and cilia.
3.
List
the characteristics of eukaryotic cell walls and plasma membranes.
4.
Describe
the specialized features of certain protozoa: axostyles,
median bodies, karyosomes, contractile vacuoles.
5.
Describe
conjugation in ciliates such as Paramecium.
Terminology: axoneme, endocytosis, exocytosis, rhoptry
Chapter 12
(in part) Be able to:
Fungi
1. List
the general characteristics of fungi.
2. Diagram and label the life cycle of Rhizopus (sexual and asexual). Make sure you label all
parts and indicate where meiosis, plasmogamy and karyogamy occur.
3. Distinguish the features of the fungal divisions (Zygomycota,
Ascomycota, Basidiomycota
and Deuteromycota) including the hyphae, the type of sexual
spore producing cell,
the sexual spore, the fruiting body type and the type of
asexual spore.
Terminology: septate, nonseptate, mycelium,
budding, plasmogamy, karyogamy, mycotoxins
heterothallism, homothallism, dimorphic,
ergot, aflatoxin, mycosis, dermatophyte, ringworm,
conidiospores, aspergillosis, zygomycosis, ergotism, candidiasis
Protozoa
1. List the
general features of the protozoa.
2. List the general features of the protozoan phyla covered in class
(Rhizopoda,
Euglenozoa, Archaezoa, Ciliophora and Apicomplexa)
3. Give the genus for each of the protozoan diseases discussed in class.
Terminology: conjugation, cysts,
trophozoite, merozoites, oocysts, sporozoites and
gametocytes, schizogony, balantidiasis, amebiasis, cyst, macronucleus,
micronucleus, undulating membrane, cytostome, pellicle
Chapter 4 Be able to:
1. List the characteristics of
prokaryotic cells.
2. Recognize the shape and arrangement
of prokaryotic cells (bacillus, coccus, spirillum,
vibrio, spirochaete and arrangement (staphylococcus, streptococcus,
streptobacillus)
of
bacteria.
3. Diagram and label a prokaryotic
cell.
4. Describe the parts of a prokaryotic
flagellum and their arrangement (amphitrichous,
peritrichous, lophotrichous, monotrichous and
atrichous) on cells.
5. Diagram or compare the features of
the Gram positive and negative cell walls and the
significance of this with respect to staining and
treating these cells with antibiotics.
6. Explain the structure and
significance of the capsule and endospore.
7. Compare the structure of eukaryotic
and prokaryotic cells.
8. Compare the structure and motion of
eukaryotic and prokaryotic flagella.
9. Be able to explain how the
eukaryotic cells evolved.
Terminology: glycocalyx, atrichous, fimbriae, pilus,
lipopolysaccharide, teichoic acid,
group translocation, endocytosis, exocytosis, karyosome,
axostyle, apical complex
Exam #2 on
Chapters 5, 6, 8 on
Wednesday, March 12.
Chapter 5
1. Be able to distinguish between a coenzyme
and an enzyme in terms of chemical make-up and function.
2. Be able to diagram glycolysis and be
sure to give the number of carbons and the name of the molecules.
3. Be to compare aerobic and anaerobic
cellular respiration in terms of the stages, ATP production, final
electron acceptors.
4. Be able to describe the
characteristics of fermentation and compare it to aerobic cellular respiration.
5. Be able to account for the ATPs
produced during each stage of aerobic cellular respiration and explain the
difference in the amount of ATP produced between prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cells.
6. Know the principles associated with
testing for mixed acid, lactose and butanediol
fermentation.
7. Know the terms used to describe
metabolic diversity and be able to give the sources of carbon and energy in
each case.
Terminology: anabolism, catabolism, oxidation, reduction,
substrate level phosphorylation oxidative phosphorylation, cofactors, energy of activation,
fermentation, activation energy, active site, substrate, enzyme-substrate
complex, chemiosmosis
Chapter 6
1.
Know the optimal temperature for microbial
growth for five categories
(psychrophiles, psychrotrophs, mesophiles, thermophiles and extreme thermophiles).
2.
List
the different categories of oxygen utilization based on the metabolic breakdown
of superoxides and hydrogen peroxide by superoxide
dismutase and catalase respectively.
3.
Describe
or diagram the bacterial growth curve and explain what is happening in each
phase.
Terminology: osmotic pressure, plasmolysis,
halophile, obligate and facultative halophiles, acidophiles, neutralophiles, generation time, binary fission,
logarithmic decline or increase
Chapter 8
1.
Be
able to give a lucid explanation of why eukaryotic DNA replication is
continuous on only one strand, and why prokaryotic replication is continuous on
both.
2.
Be
able to describe the three types of RNA and discuss role of each during protein
synthesis.
3.
Know
the operon concept and gene regulation by induction (lac operon).
4.
Be
able to discuss the major ways in which transcription in prokaryotes is
different from eukaryotes.
5.
Be
able to describe sense and nonsense mutations resulting from base
substitutions.
6.
Be
able to describe DNA repair and the role of enzymes in this process.
7.
Be
able to describe or diagram conjugation and high frequency recombination.
8.
Know
the steps involved in generalized transduction.
9.
Be
able to describe naked DNA transformation (not
10. List the types of plasmids found
among bacteria and the significance of these plasmids in medicine, genetics and
environmental microbiology.
11. Be able to discuss transposons and their significance in medicine.
Terminology: antiparallel,
complementary base pairing, semiconservative
replication, codon, anticodon,
introns, exons, repression,
induction, mutation, transformation, translation, transcription, conjugation,
high frequency recombination, transduction, plasmids (dissimulative, resistant, conjugative) transposons , transposase
Exam #3 Chapters
10, 11 and part of 12 Monday, April
7
Chapter 10
1. Be able to distinguish the four
aspects of taxonomy including classification,
nomenclature,
describing and identification.
2. Know the different taxonomic ranks from domain to species.
3. Discuss the basis of phylogenetic classification based on rDNA.
Terms: eukaryotic and prokaryotic species, strain,
hierarchal and phylogenetic, monophyletic, rRNA, 16S
and 18S subunits
Chapter 11
1.
Be
able to compare the general features between the Domains Archaea
and Bacteria.
2.
Some obvious genera to compare (similarities
and differences) be sure to apply general characteristics of the groups they
belong to (e.g. richettsias, chlamydias,
spirochetes) where appropriate:
Bacillus vs. Clostridium; Streptococcus vs. Staphylococcus;
Chlamydia vs. Neisseria; Rickettsia vs.
Chlamydia; Spirillum vs. Treponema,
Mycoplasma vs. Mycobacterium;
Bacillus vs. Staphylococcus;
Clostridium vs. Streptococcus. Escherichia vs.
?????????????
3.
Know the causal agents (genus, Gram
reaction and shape) for the following diseases:
anthrax, atypical pneumonia, botulism, bubonic plague,
cholera, diphtheria,
gangrene, gonorrhea, impetigo, legionellosis,
leprosy, lockjaw, Lyme disease, meningitis, rocky mountain spotted fever,
scarlet fever, typhus, syphilis,
typhoid fever, trachomatis, tuberculosis
4.
Describe
the general features of the rickettsias.
5.
What
are Rhizobium and Agrobacterium important
agriculturally? Be specific in both cases.
6.
Why
does the genus Thiobacillus
pose special environmental problems in the mining of coal.
7.
Describe
the general features of the cyanobacteria.
8.
Be
able to explain how nucleotide content is used in classification of Gram
positive bacteria and include specifics the Actinobacteria
and Firmicutes phyla.
9.
Describe
the features of Mycobacterium and explain
why some of these features are consistent with the long periods of drug therapy
to cure diseases caused by these bacteria.
Terms: intracellular parasite, vector, gonococcal v.d., nongonococcal v.d., legionellosis,
salmonellosis, shigellosis, nosocomial
infections, coliforms, fecal coliforms,
heterocysts, trachoma, pleomorphic,
elementary and reticulate bodies,
geosmins, intracellular parasite
Chapter 12
(Helminthes—Platyhelminthes
and Nematoda)
1. Know and be able to compare the general characteristics of these two phyla.
2. Know the groups of parasites(cestodes and trematodes) from the phylum
Platyhelminthes and be able to compare their general
features.
3. Be able to describe each step of the lung fluke life cycle.
4. Be able to give the name of the genus for each parasitic disease discussed
in class.
Terms: hermaphroditic, dioecious, cestode, trematode, fluke, proglottid, scolex,
trichinosis, cyst
Exam #4 May 7, 10:15 to 12:15 on chapters 13, 17,
25 (710-718), 27 & 28 (to 851).
Chapter 13.
Be able to
do the following:
1. Explain
how viruses are different from cells.
2. List the
characteristics used to distinguish one virus from another.
3. Draw or
describe the stages of the lytic cycle for the T4
phage and be sure to identify
each stage.
4. Draw or
describe the lysogenic cycle for the lambda phage.
5. Describe
specialized transduction and be able to explain why only certain genes
are transferred.
6. Compare
specialized with generalized transduction with in terms of the
virus cycles involved, the bacterial genes
transferred and the number of transducing
particles produced.
7. Discuss the relationship of prophages with human diseases (lysogenic
conversion).
8. Describe or draw the papovavirus
cycle, making sure that you show what
happens during
each stage.
-- Explain why there are three types of
influenza, but only one type causes pandemic outbreaks.
9. Compare
viruses, viroids and prions in terms of their structure and genetic makeup
and be able to give an example of a
disease for each.
10. Discuss
the relationship between oncoviruses, oncogenes and cancer.
11. Know
diseases of humans caused by viruses—see class notes for list.
12. Describe the prion
hypothesis that explains how this disease develops in the gray matter..
Terminology: antigenic drift, antigenic shift, filterable
viruses, polyhedral, helical, capsid, capsomere, burst time, burst size, naked and enveloped
viruses, oncovirus,
oncogene, provirus, prophage,
scrapie, BSE, site of insertion, error of excision,
latent viruses.
Chapter
16
1. Discuss
the three lines of defense with respect to specific and nonspecific
resistance.
2.
Be
able discuss the functions of white blood cells in both specific (2 types) and
nonspecific immunity (four types).
Terminology:
phagocytosis, granulocytes, agranulocytes,
macrophage, complement, interferon
Chapter
17
Be able to
do the following:
1. Describe
the general structure of antibody (light & heavy chains, constant and
variable regions, antigen binding site)
2. Discuss
the process of clonal selection and relate this to
the primary and secondary
response.
3.
Graph
the curves for the primary and secondary response with respect to time (days)
and antibody titer for both IgM and IgG.
4.
Discuss
the five types of antibody based immune responses—see p. 512
5.
Describe
the process used to produce a monoclonal antibody for a specific antigen
starting with B cells from mice and myeloma cells—p 535.
6.
List
several types of diagnostic tools based on antibodies and the advantage of
these
techniques.
7.
Describe
how the dual immune system cooperates to respond to the same antigen—p 522.
8.
Discuss
the role of THelper cells in
activating B and T cells starting with a dendritic
cell—p. 514.
Terminology: antigen, antigen binding site, epitope (antigenic determinant), clusters of
differentiation, major histocompatibility complex,
immunoglobulin, cytokine,
Chapter
25 Pp. 750-755
Be able to:
1. Compare food borne illnesses caused by Salmonella and Staphylococcus and be
sure to distinguish between food
intoxication and food infection.
2. Compare salmonellosis
and typhoid fever.
3. Discuss botulism, what it is and why it is a
special concern in canned
foods.
Terminology: carrier, heat labile, gastroenteritis, food
poisoning, intoxication and food infection.
Chapter 27.
Be able to:
1. Diagram the stages (1o, 2o,
and disinfection ) of wastewater treatment in terms of physical and or
biological processes associated with each stage. Be sure to include the reduction of BOD.
2. Discuss the microbial processes of
the nitrogen cycle associated with nitrogen fixation, ammonification
and nitrification.
3. Give examples of greenhouse gases
and discuss how human activity has the potential to cause shifts in the carbon
cycle that lead to global
warming.
4. Compare coliform
and fecal coliform bacteria and explain why fecal
counts might be more meaningful than total counts in some circumstances.
5. Give examples of bacteria, viruses
and protozoans that are associated with water-borne illnesses.
6. Explain what eutrophication
is and why wastewater treatment is important to preventing overgrowth from
occurring in naturally occurring bodies of water.
7. What is the nutrient filter
technique and give the advantages of this method over conventional waste water
treatment used in the
Terminology:
endoliths, greenhouse gases, denitrification,
oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis, biofilms, biological oxygen demand, influent, outfluent, effluent, flocculant,
clarification, bioremediation
Chapter
28
Be able to:
1. Describe commercial sterilization and the use
of decimal reduction time.
2. Compare thermophilic
anaerobic spoilage and flat sour spoilage.
3. What are some advantages of irradiating foods
over commercial sterilization?
4. Describe the basic process of making cheese
and to compare hard and semisoft
cheeses.
5. Describe the process of making bread.
6. Describe the process of making beer.
7. Give a microbial genus associated with the
production of the following foods or
beverages : Cheeses (Swiss, parmesan, Romanov, Camemebert, Roquefort, Brie,)
buttermilk, sour cream, soy sauce, yogurt, leavened
bread, beer, vinegar, wine
Terminology: decimal reduction time, unwanted radiolytic products, mashing, malting, pitching, leavened
bread, kneading